}~~~a~~~}}}}}|||||||jjjjjjjjkkkkklllalll ɺɽʁʆaʅʀɻɶɲɯɫɨɦɣɡɞɜɚɗćĊČĎĐēĕĘěĞġĤĨĭIJĸaĸijį  ÙÛÝÜÚØ×ÕÔÒÑÐÏÎÍÌËËÊCCDEFGHIJKLMO
}}~~~a~~}}}}}|||||||jjjjjjjjkkkkkllalllk ɶɹɼʀʅaʅɿɺɵɱɭɪɧɤɡɟɜɚɗćĊČďđĔĖęĜĠģħĬıķaĸIJĮī  ØÙÚÜÜÚØÖÕÓÒÑÐÎÍÍÌËÊCDDEFGHIJLMNP
}}}~~~a~~}}}}}||||||jjjjjjjkkkkkllalllkk ɳɵɸɻʀʅaʄɾɹɴɰɬɨɥɢɠɝɚɘćĊČďĒĕĘěĞĢĦīİķaķIJĮĪĨ  Ö×ÙÚÜÜÚØÖÔÓÑÐÏÎÍÌËÊCDEFGHIJKLNOQ
}}}}~~~a~~}}}}||||||jjjjjjjkkkkllalllkkk ɰɲɴɷɻɿʄaʄɽɷɲɮɪɧɣɠɝɛɘćĊčĐēĖęĝĠĥĪįĶaķıĭĩħĤ  ÕÖ×ØÚÜÜÙ×ÕÔÒÑÏÎÍÌËÊCDEFGHIJLMOQS
}}}}}}~~a~~}}}}|||||jjjjjjkkkkllallkkkkk ɭɯɱɳɶɺɾʄaʃɼɶɱɬɨɥɡɞɛɘćĊčĐĔėěğģĨĮĶaĶİĬĨĦģġ  ÔÔÕ×ØÚÜÜÙ×ÕÓÑÐÏÍÌËÊCDEFGHJKMNPSU
}}}}}}}~~a~~}}}|||||jjjjjjkkkllallkkkkkk ɫɬɮɰɲɵɹɽʃaʃɻɵɯɫɦɣɟɜɘćċĎđĕęĝĢħĭĵaĶįīħĤĢĠğ  ÓÓÔÕÖØÙÜÛÙÖÔÒÑÏÎÍËÊCDEFHIJLNPRUU
}}}}}}}}~~a~}}}}||||jjjjjkkkklallkkkkkkk ɨɪɫɭɯɱɴɷɼʃaʂɺɳɭɨɤɠɜəćċďĒĖěĠĥĬĴaĵĮĪĦģġğĝĜ  ÒÒÓÔÕÖ×ÙÛÛØÖÓÒÐÎÍËÊCDEGHJKMORUUS
||}}}}}}}~~a~}}}||||jjjjjkkklallkkkkkkkj ɦɧɨɪɫɭɰɲɶɻʂaʁɸɱɫɦɡɝəćċďĔĘĝģĪijaĴĭĨĥĢĠĞĜěĚ  ÑÑÒÒÓÔÕ×ÙÛÛØÕÓÑÏÍÌÊCDFGIJLOQUURP
||||}}}}}}}~a~}}}|||jjjjkkklalkkkkkkkjjj ɤɥɦɧɨɪɬɮɱɵɺʁaʀɶɯɨɣɞɚćČĐĕěġĨIJaijĬħģĠĞĜěęĘė  ÐÐÑÑÒÓÔÕÖØÛÚ×ÔÒÐÎÌÊCDFHIKNQTURPN
||||||}}}}}}~a~}}|||jjjjkklalkkkkkkjjjjj ɢɣɤɥɦɧɨɪɬɯɳɸʀaɾɴɬɥɠɚćČĒĘĞĦİaIJĪĥĢğĝěęĘėĖĕ  ÏÏÐÐÑÑÒÓÔÖØÚÚÖÓÑÎÍËCDFHJMPTTQONM
||||||||}}}}}~a~}}||jjjkklalkkkkkjjjjjjj ɠɡɡɢɣɤɥɧɨɫɭɱɶɾaɼɱɨɡɛćčĔěģĮaİĨģĠĝěęĘĖĕĔĔē  ÎÎÏÏÐÐÑÑÒÓÕ×ÚÙÕÒÏÍËCEGILOSTQOMLK
||||||||||}}}}~a}}||jjjkkalkkkkjjjjjjjjj ɞɟɟɠɡɡɢɣɥɦɨɫɯɴɼaɺɭɤɜćďĖĠĬaĮĦġĝěęėĖĕĔēĒđđ  ÍÎÎÎÎÏÏÐÑÒÓÔÖÙÙÔÑÎËCEHJNRSPNLKJJ
||||||||||||}}}}a}}|jjkkakkkkjjjjjjjjjjj ɜɝɝɞɞɟɠɠɡɣɤɦɨɬɱɺaɶɨɞćĐěĨaĬģĞěĘĖĕĔēĒđĐĐďď  ÍÍÍÍÍÎÎÏÏÐÑÒÓÕÙØÓÏÌCFILQROMKJJIH
||||||||||||||}}}a}|jjkakkkjjjjjjjjjjjjj ɚɛɛɛɜɜɝɝɞɟɠɡɣɥɨɭɶaɱɡćĔģaĨĠěĘĕĔĒđĐĐďďĎĎčč  ÌÌÌÌÍÍÍÍÎÎÏÐÑÒÔØÖÑÍCFJPQNLJIIHHG
||||||||||||||||}}a}jkakkjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj əəəəɚɚɚɛɛɜɜɝɞɠɡɤɨɱaɨćěaģěĖĔĒĐďďĎččČČČČċċ  ËËËËÌÌÌÌÍÍÍÎÎÏÑÓÖÔÎCHNPLJIHHGGFF
||||||||||||||||||}aaakjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj ɗɗɗɗɗɗɘɘɘɘəəɚɚɛɜɞɡɨaaaěĔĐďčČČċċċĊĊĊĊĊĉĉĉ  ÊÊÊËËËËËËËÌÌÍÍÎÏÑÔÑCJNJIHGFFFEEE
jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjaaadddddddddddddddddd ćććććććććććććććććććaaa                    ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊËËËÌÍÎÑJHFFEEDDDDDD
jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjkaaaeddddddddddddddddd ĉĉĉĉĊĊĊĊĊċċċČČčďĐĔěaaa«¤¡                 CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjkkakdeaeeddddddddddddddd ċċċČČČČččĎďďĐĒĔĖěģaě «a´«§¤£¡             CCCCDDDDDDDDDEEFFHJ
jjjjjjjjjjjjjjkkkakjddeaeeeddddddddddddd ďďďĐĐđĒēĔĕĖĘěĞģĬaĨěĐ¡«¹a½´¯«©§¦¤££¢¡¡     DDDDDEEEEEFFFGHIJNJ!
jjjjjjjjjjjjkkkkakkjddeeaeeeeddddddddddd ĐđđĒēĔĕĖėęěĝġĦĮaĬĠĖď  §°½a¿·²®«©¨¦¥¤¤£¢¢  EEEEEFFFFGGHHIJLPNH!# 
jjjjjjjjjjkkkklakkjjdddeeafeeeeddddddddd ĒēĔĔĕĖĘęěĝĠģĨİaĮģěĔč  ¤«´¿aÁ¹´°®«ª¨§¦¥¤¤  FFFFFGGGHHIIJLNQPJF#%!
jjjjjjjjkkkkklalkkjjdddeefafeeeeeddddddd ĔĕĖėĘęěĝğĢĥĪIJaİĦĞĘĒČ  £¨¯·Áaû¶²¯­«ª©¨§¦  FFGGGHHHIJJKMORQLIF %&" 
jjjjjjkkkkkklalkkjjjddddeefafeeeeeeddddd ĖėĘęěĜĞĠģħĬijaIJĨġěĕĐČ  ¡¦«²¹ÃaĽ¸´±¯­«ª©¨  GGHHHIIJJKLNPSRNJHE!&&#! 
jjjjkkkkkkklalkkkjjjddddeeefafeeeeeeeddd ĘĚěĜĞĠĢĥĨĭĴaijĪģĝĘĔďċ  ¤©®´»Äaž¹µ³°®­«ª   HHHIIJJKLMOQTSOLIGE"&'$" 
jjkkkkkkkllalkkkjjjjdddddeeefaffeeeeeeed ěĜĝğġģĦĪĮĵaĴĬĥĠěĖĒďċ   £§«°¶½ÅaÆ¿º·´²°®­  IIIJJKLMNOQTTPMJHFD #''%#! 
kkkkkkkkllalkkkkjjjjdddddeeeefaffeeeeeee ĝğĠĢĤħīįĶaĵĭħĢĝęĕđĎċ   ¢¦©®²¸¾ÆaÆÀ¼¸µ³±¯  JJJKLLMNPRUTQNKIHFD!$'(%#"
kkkkkkkllallkkkjjjjjddddddeeeffaffeeeeee ĠġģĦĨĬİĶaĶĮĨģğěėĔĐčĊ   ¡¤¨«¯´¹¿ÆaÇÁ½¹¶´²  JKKLMNOPRUUQOLJIGFD "%((&$
kkkkkkllallkkkkjjjjjddddddeeeeffaffeeeee ĢĤħĩĭıķaĶįĪĥĠĝęĖēĐčĊ    £¦ª­±µºÀÇaǾº·µ  KLMMNOQSUUROMKJHGED #%((&
kkkklllallkkkkjjjjjjdddddddeeeeffafffeee ĥĨĪĮIJķaķİīĦĢĞěĘĕĒďČĊ    £¥¨«¯³·¼ÁÇaÈþ»¸  LMNOPQSUURPNLJIHFED!#&()
kkklllallkkkkkjjjjjjdddddddeeeeeffafffee ĨīĮIJĸaķıĬħģĠĜęĖĔđďČĊ    ¢¤§ª­°´¸½ÂÈaÈÿ¼  MNOPRSVUSPNMKJHGFED "$&)
kklllallkkkkkjjjjjjjddddddddeeeeeffafffe ĬįijĸaĸIJĭĨĤġĞěĘĕēĐĎČĊ    ¡¤¦©«®²µ¹¾ÃÈaÉÄÀ  OPQRTVVSQOMLJIHGFED!"$&)
klllalllkkkkkjjjjjjjddddddddeeeeefffafff İĴĸaĸIJĮĩĦĢğĜęėĔĒĐĎČĉ    ¡£¥¨ª­°³¶º¾ÃÉaÉÄ  PQRTVVSQONLKJIHGFED !#%'

//maybe the picture? -computer–science-?

The relationship between software and its social context has been the subject of serious investigation since the very early days of the computer, primarily out of necessity. Large complex systems are only possible with attendant bodies of knowledge, intuition, and practice - cultures, in short - the preservation, reproduction and conservation of which is just as much ‘how the machine works’, as the replacement of lubricant, or swapping out worn-out parts.

Generally speaking, the purely technical side of machines is an offshoot of this cultural dimension, rather than the other way around. While the steam engine was the popular face of the industrial revolution, the meat of the difference is in the regular motion of humans, not of matter. Devices like the clock, the train, or the conveyor belt all opperated on people, rather than materials, allowing their work to be distributed, quantized, and composed into new and more complex forms.

Traditional industry relied on basically informal processes, passed on in families or communities, skills and attitudes that were both necessary for, and provoked by, the work at hand. The advent of modernity changed this picture. Suddenly, there was work that fitted no particular society - work in mills, or in mines - work that demanded bodies, and, more, demanded cultures - but did not last long enough for them to organically develop.

In this, the violence of modernity is stark: the mastery over nature is inextricably bound to the mastery over humans as nature, the creation and arrangement of ‘docile bodies’, where the project to master the natural universe becomes a project of universal slavery.

Even those machines that are ‘matter facing’, which appear to run on their own, make dramatic demands of the humans who exist in their intersticial spaces - they demand constant input, constant output, constant running to recoup their capital, strange postures, convulsive movements, and unending repetition.

This is not Frankenstein’s monster, but rather, an organic development. The project to organize and control, even under the banner of discipline, or to monitor and survey, even to provide adverts or services, dovetails neatly with explicit objectives of the repressive state apparatus. In computers, this is entirely above-board and obvious: most of the early research, both pragmatic and theoretical, was paid for by the military, for directly military ends.

For example, Noam Chomsky’s Syntactic Structures, a book foundational in both Linguistics and Computer Science, was paid for by the US Army Signalling corps. Most people are aware that the internet was born as a military project, that the early computers were used for the calculation of logarithms for the navy, cryptography, and the simulation of nuclear explosions - but this understates the case, since it presupposes that the military is separable from the computer. Rather, they are both products of the same society, founded on the same ideas of control and repetition, the repetitive motion of humans, and machines.

Chomsky’s approach, impressive in its theoretical rigour, is to describe techniques for elaborating, enumerating, and evaluating grammars - understood as systems for differentiating the grammatical and ungrammatical. Ultimately, this is is a framework for producing rigorous analysis of communication, means of evaluating ambiguity, and as such, excluding it.

In this, the interest of the US Army Signalling corps is obvious. This is work in the spirit of the oldest project of linguistics[^], where the motivating impulse is to preserve a (sacred, textual) signal over time, to preserve a given interpretation, so the power relations it supports and expresses persist into the future, and across heterogeneous space, such that organs of the state in the distance, on the periphery, can be controlled from the center.

Even though his motivations were purely descriptive, it was absolutely no accident that his ideas about ‘context free grammar’(READ SOURCE) became foundational to compiler research. MIT, presumably aware of the desperate need programmers had of formal, unambiguous methods for discussing language, offered Chomsky a position in the Electronics(?) department, an offer made even more striking by the fact MIT had no prior Linguistics faculty.

This is by no means an unusual relation between language at its most abstract, and the demands of industry. The massive investment in literacy and numeracy that has continued throughout the modern era was founded on practical concerns - bureaucracy is almost impossible without generalized literacy, and sophisticated engineering is impossible without numeracy.

After all, Watt’s main obstacle to building a steam engine was not conceptual, but rather cultural: QUOTE ‘criminal workmanship’. Early industrialists were absolutely aware that the difficulty in communicating technique and form was at the heart of the difficulty of mechanizing production - and opened schools as a result.

Further, states that would have preferred to teach purely vocational skills have been forced to educate in the abstract, or at least, forced in an abstract direction. No amount of engineering experience will lead to a book like Syntactic Structures, it requires a milieu in which thinking with discipline, accuracy is the norm, where abstract, critical, even radical discourse is encouraged.

Here, Frankenstein’s monster returns to the picture, except nearer to the mark. Noam Chomsky, capable of producing original, rigorous work, would be equally incapable of finding much to like in capitalism, if his thoughts turned in that direction. For this reason, Universities have remained far left of general political discourse, despite constant and pervasive attempts to reign them in. Just as grouping workers in the factory provides them with the means to realize their strength as a group, education provides us with the tools to organize and articulate, to turn the generally uninspiring foundations of our culture into something genuinely human.

This is a subset of a greater contradiction in capitalism: as a set of power relations that must be reproduced, and as a system of exploitation that demands a constant rate of growth and re-investment to survive. The superstructure is sluggish, expensive to extend or adjust, and so consequently becomes decoupled from the base with alarming regularity, so the state exists in an unstable tumble between the comfortable ideology of yesteryear, and pushing its citizens whatever novel contortions economics demands.[^]

It is in this context that coal mining became a point of pride in 2016, at least fifty years after it was economically relevant, let alone generally desirable, or that english schools (under Michael Gove) were directed to focus on basic numeracy, despite the fact that computers are so ubiquitous that computational maths is actually of less practical use than set theory, or formal logic.

In these gaps, discontent springs up, a generalized feeling of disappointment. that the world culture promised is not the world that exists, that official culture in the broadest sense is disconnected, that the periphery is ignored and abandoned.

//Gramatology